Fish farming and livestock production are combined in integrated fish farming. Animal excrement is dumped straight into a fish pond as fertilizer, allowing photosynthetic organisms to thrive. Feed containing growth promoters is frequently fed to livestock, namely chickens and pigs. The impact of integrated fish farming on the levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a pond environment was explored in this study. The article discusses a method for synchronizing two crops in a pond: fish and makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb). Both crops gain from such environmentally friendly combination. Organic matter is formed when makhana crop plant pieces decompose, releasing nutrients into the pond to boost plankton population. Organic detritus offers a good substratum for the growth of zooplankton, insect larvae, nematodes, and gastropods, as well as providing food for bottom-dwelling fishes (mrigal and common carp).
Fish farming, integrated, pond, makhana
Dutta, R. N., 1984. Comparative Ecological Study of Euryale ferox Salish. (Makhana) in Darbhanga Area, Ph.D. Thesis, Ranchi University.
Mishra, R.K., B.P. Jha,S. K. Singh and A. Mahto, 1992. Insect associations of Euryale ferox Salish. in the ponds of Darbhanga, North Bihar Journal of Freshwater Bioi. 4(3): 199-208.
Mishra, R.K.; V. Jha, A. Mahto and R. Kumar, 1996. Bio-ecology, cultivation and storage ecology of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salish) in North Bihar, lndia.pp. 120-127.
Verma, A.M., Jha, V. and Ahmad, S.H., 2008. Fish-makhana (Euryale salisb) integration: a case study of sustainable aquafarming system in north Bihar. Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association, 35, pp.87-96.
Integrated fish farming in china, NACA Technical Manual No.7. Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand p. 278.
