Climate change and global warming made drought and flooding disasters. This may be due to industrialization and use of synthetic fertilizers that released greenhouse gases from the storage pool. In agriculture we are doing chemical farming without adding organic manures as compost. The quality available water is also decreasing. Hence are recommending millets. Similar to this we can raise aerobic rice. Moreover, we are having endless waste in different sources. Hence market waste can be composted by adopting aerobic heap method. This can be applied to soil at the rate of 5 tonnes per hectare to the aerobic rice without any yield reduction.
The conservation of traditional varieties is very much essential to maintain diversity and protect nature from calamities. Various institutions across the globe maintain seed banks to conserve the germplasms from extinction. Farmers also try to conserve their preferred varieties and land races in their own ways. One such conservator is Ms. Sivaranjini of Arivar Seeds Centre, Kuravapuram, Vedaranyam, Nagapattinam. She has collected more than 1250 varieties and is conserving in-situ in the field. The seeds are collected through the community of seed collectors and conservators across India without money involvement but through pure passion for conservation. Minimum quantity of seeds are exchanged free of cost like the barter system of the olden days. Her expertise in identifying the origin of the varieties by the physical appearance of the plant is highly commendable. Ms. Sivaranjini received the Chief Minister’s State Youth Award 2022 for this huge effort in conservation and spreading of traditional paddy varieties.
Cooperatives are the shield against social as well as economics exploitations for the poor and weak peoples. Importance of cooperative is well documented for the cause of social-economic upliftment of one the most downtrodden community in India, the fishermen. Indian fishermen are among the latest fishery technologies are the contributing factors for their miseries. This vicious critical is further strengthened by lack of institutional support extended in the form of infrastructure development and finance. Consequently, fishermen are subjected to exploitation by middleman who acts as money lenders, traders and contractors. Fishermen discovered co-operatives could spare them from exploitation and improve their socio-economic conditions. In India, fisheries co-operative societies are regulated by a separate set of rules for channeling the government assistant on the principle of self-help and management. They are broadly three-tiered system consisting of a primary cooperative for village, a district or regional federation and a state level cooperative federation. In India, these cooperative societies are helping fish farmers in implementing the various programme pertaining to horticulture-forestry-cum-fish farming, duck based fish farming, fish-cum-poultry farming, fish-cum fig integration, goat-cum-fish system, fish-cum-cattle farming and aquatic-plant-cum-fish farming. Effort made in this direction has yielded good results in some areas but strengthening of the cooperative movement in fisheries will certainly improve income as well as socio-economic status of those involved in this sectors.
Leafy vegetables are rich in iron, zinc, anti-oxidants, vitamins, dietary fibres and proteins. The Gene/ Seed banks are to be established for conservation and maintenance of leafy vegetables. It enables participatory approaches for selection and multiplication of locally adapted lines of leafy vegetables. This village level gene/ seed bank methods offer conservation of valuable genetic stocks in-situ without losing their genetic characteristics of low and no input responses.
Selection platforms for organic responsiveness need to be created by following incorporation of crop residues and allowing them to decomposition by application of crop waste decomposers or cow dung slurry mixed with cow urine (fermented form). The selected field plot should be analysed for available nutrients, microbial load and other chemical parameters initially. Soil physical, chemical and biological properties needed to be normalized before taking up the breeding programmes. Germplasm lines should be screened under organic responsive field plots created and extreme types should be identified followed by crossing, generation of segregating populations and fixing the selection parameters based on the breeding objectives.
Climate change is far reaching, fast and heightening. That is the critical finding of the most recent logical report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It tracks down changes in the World's environment in each area and across the entire environment framework. Many changes are remarkable in thousands, in the event that not countless years. Some, like proceeded with ocean level ascent, are irreversible over hundreds to millennia. The report focuses areas of strength to supported decreases in outflows of carbon dioxide and other ozone depleting substances to restrict climate change. Hotter temperatures likewise cause more outrageous climate, which incorporates longer and more regular dry seasons as well as additional violent storms, floods, and heavy snowfall. These climate variations present different challenges. Crop development turns out to be seriously difficult, natural surroundings for plants and creatures change, and water sources are diminished. Climate change similarly causes more perpetual and outrageous destructive occasions, for instance, typhoons, floods, cyclones, heat waves and dry season. Geoengineering innovation has been put forth these days to decrease environmental change influences however, they have legal and unexpected issues in carrying out.
Organic farming is a method of farming that focuses on biodiversity, natural cycles, and healthy inputs rather than destructive ones. It uses organic fertilisers including compost manure, green manure, and bone meal. It has resulted in a profitable and rapidly increasing Organic Food Industry. Its goal, unlike other farming methods, is not only to increase yield and improve the economy. The total production of major organic commodities produced and exported during the 2020-21 fiscal year was 3.2 million MT, which included oil seeds, fibre, sugar, cereals, spices and condiments, pulses, medicinal plant products, fresh fruits and vegetables, tea, coffee, flowers, dry fruits, fodder, on farm processed food, tuber products, and others. The Government of India announced a plan and a form of organic certification, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), in 2015, with the goal of supporting and promoting organic farming and therefore improving soil health. Continuing advancements in organic farming led to Sikkim becoming India's first organic state in 2016. As a result, organic farming and agriculture should be viewed as the sole path to a more sustainable food future in order to address the existing environmental consequences and public health challenges.
